白宫 (THE WHITEHOUSE)

panghouse

摘自 http://travel.westca.com/content/view/935/76/

白宫是美国总统府所在地，坐落在首都华盛顿市中心区的宾夕法尼亚大街1600号。北接拉斐特广场，南邻爱丽普斯公园，与高耸的华盛顿纪念碑相望。白宫共占地7.3万多平方米，由主楼和东、西两翼三部分组成。主楼宽51.51米，进深25.75米，共有底层、一楼和二楼3层。

白宫底层有外交接待大厅、图书室、地图室、瓷器室、金银器室和白宫管理人员办公室等。外交接待大厅呈椭圆形，是总统接待外国元首和使节的地方，铺着天蓝色底、椭圆形的花纹地毯，上绣象征美国50个州的标志，墙上挂有描绘美国风景的巨幅环形油画.

图书室约60多平方米，室内的桌、椅、书橱和灯具等，均为古典式。藏有图书近3000册，其中不乏美国各个时期著名作家的代表作。此外，这里还存有美国历届总统的有关资料。在藏书壁柜旁的墙上挂着五幅印第安人的画像，这是当年美国总统在白宫会见过的印第安部落代表团的成员。

地图室珍藏有各种版本的现代地图集和一幅名贵的18世纪绘制的地图。二战期间，这里曾是罗斯福总统研究战争形势的密室。从1970年起，此处已改为接待室，室内挂着本杰明·富兰克林的画像和美国19世纪哈得逊河画派的风景画，如，哈特作于1858年的名画《山间湖水》等。

金银器陈列室藏有各种精致的英、法式镀金银制餐具和镶金银器。

瓷器室收藏有历届总统用过的瓷制餐具，其中有一套从中国进口的名瓷。

从白宫的正门进入是主楼，进门后是大理石结构的门厅。大理石的墙、大理石的地板和许多大理石的柱子，气魄宏大，宽敞、明亮。四周墙上挂着20世纪美国总统的肖像。东大厅、绿厅、蓝厅、红厅和宴会厅依次相邻。东大厅是白宫中最大、装饰最富豪华气派的厅堂，长约24米，宽约11米，高约2.5米，可容纳200多人。这里有敞亮的落地长窗，光洁的橡木地板，巨型的水晶吊灯和烛台，桃木心木钢琴的琴腿上雕饰着四只金鹰，有18世纪名画家吉尔伯特·斯图亚特的传世名作 --巨幅油画华盛顿及其夫人的全身像。这里曾是美国总统及其家属举行婚丧大事的会场，有4位总统的女儿在此举行过婚礼，7位总统在这里举办过丧事。 1945年，美国第三十二届总统富兰克林·罗斯福逝世后就停灵于此。1974年，理查德·尼克松因"水门事件"离职前夕，也是在此与他的助手们挥泪告别的。现在，此厅供美国总统举行宣誓就职仪式、记者招待会、酒会、圣诞舞会等使用。有时，逢节日和周末，也请文艺界和体育界的名流在此演出和表演。

绿厅是第3代总统杰斐逊就餐之地。因以绿色基调装饰而得名，面积较东厅小得多。四壁有绿绸装饰的水彩画，地上是19世纪苏格兰画家大卫·马丁画的富兰克林肖像。现在，它是美国总统的客厅，总统常常在此举行正式酒会。当年门罗总统常在这里打牌消遣。

蓝厅因为肯尼迪总统夫人把白色墙壁改饰成蓝色而得名。窗帏是蓝色的，座椅靠背和座垫是蓝色的，窗外的天空也是蓝色的。厅内有一块19世纪的中国地毯，7把法国镀金椅子，一对19世纪路易十六时代的镀金桌子等名贵之物。还陈列有几幅美国早期总统及其夫人的画像。

红厅多用于总统夫人招待来宾。厅内四壁上的红绸水彩画同由斯图亚特画的麦迪逊总统夫人朵拉的红色肖像相辉映。此处有一总统贵宾接待室，以19世纪初法国资产阶级革命时期的风格加以装饰，室内家具十分名贵，其中有一架1805年的法国枝形吊灯和英国1850年制作的红、米、蓝、金四色地毯。

国宴厅是白宫第二大厅，以其华丽的装饰和精致的餐具著称。桌椅家具全为橡木所制，可同时宴请140位宾客，是举行国宴的地方。厨房在地下室，可用升降机将食品送到宴会厅。厅中的设计与装饰均采取19世纪初叶英国摄政时期的风格。墙中间悬挂着林肯的肖像。壁炉上方刻有美国第二任总统约翰·亚当斯在迁居白宫后的第二个夜晚所写的一封书信中的名句："我祈祷上苍赐福于这座宅邸以及所有来日居于此间的人。愿白宫主宰者皆为诚实、明智之人。"

主楼二层，为总统全家居住的地方。主要有林肯卧室，皇后卧室，条约厅和总统夫人起居室，黄色椭圆形厅等。林肯卧室是林肯办公和召开内阁会议的地方，著名的《解放黑人宣言》即在此签字。以玫瑰色和白色为主调加以装饰的皇后卧室，曾接待过英国伊丽莎白女王、荷兰女王等贵宾。

白宫西翼由西奥多·罗斯福总统主持，于1902年建成；东翼由富兰克林·罗斯福总统主持，于1941年建成。其中最主要的厅室是西翼内侧的椭圆形总统办公室。它宽敞、明亮，地上铺着一块巨大的蓝色地毯，地毯正中织有美国总统的金徽图案：50颗星排列成圆形，环绕着一只鹰。办公室后部两侧分别竖立着美国国旗和总统旗帜。正面墙上是身着戎装威容凛然的华盛顿油画像，两边摆着两只雅致的中国古瓷花瓶。办公室左边墙架上陈设的外国贵宾赠送的礼物中，有中国1979 年赠送的"马踏飞燕"仿古青铜器。总统的大办公桌上放置着这样一条座右铭："这里要负最后责任。"

白宫的南面，是一个由粗大的乳白色石柱支撑的宽大门廊，正面4根，旁边各2根。门廊的正前方就是有名的南草坪。总统的直升飞机座机可在此起落。由于白宫是坐南朝北，因此南草坪就成了白宫的后院，通称为总统花园。园内，灌木如篱，绿树成荫，如垠草坪中有一水池，池中喷泉喷珠吐玉，高可数丈。池塘四周的花圃里，姹紫嫣红。南门前两侧8棵枝繁叶茂、生机勃勃的木兰树，已有150年树龄。国宾来访时，都要在南草坪举行正式欢迎仪式。每年春天的复活节时，总统和夫人都要在这里举行传统的游园会。

白宫现在供游人参观的部分主要是白宫的东翼，包括底层的外宾接待室、瓷器室、金银器室和图书室，一楼的宴会厅、红厅、蓝厅、绿厅和东大厅。它是世界上唯一定期向公众开放的国家元首的官邸。

摘自 http://travel.westca.com/content/view/935/76/

[ 本帖最后由 panghouse 于 2009-4-27 23:30 编辑 ]

耐心是金

地址：1450 Pennsylvania Ave NW
　　　　地铁：橙/蓝线到McPherson Sq站
参观免费，但需向国会议员预约。
开放时间：10am-11am星期二至六
网址：www.nps.gov/whho
            www.whitehouse.gov
电话：202/456-7041

　　白宫是美国总统府，坐落在华盛顿市中心的宾夕法尼亚大街，与高耸的华盛顿纪念碑相望，因其外墙为白色砂岩石，故而得名。
　　白宫的基址是美国开国元勋、第一任总统乔治•华盛顿选定的，始建于1792年，1800年基本完工，设计者是著名的美籍爱尔兰人建筑师詹姆斯•霍本。但当时并不称白宫，“白宫”是1902年西奥多•罗斯福总统正式命名的。
　　白宫共占地7.3万多平方米，分为主楼和东西两冀，东冀供游客参观（每周二至周六开放），西冀是办公区域，总统的椭圆形办公室位于西冀内侧。主楼底层有外交接待大厅，厅外是南草坪，来访国宾的欢迎仪式一般在这里举行。主楼的二层是总统家庭居住的地方。主楼中还有图书室、地图室、金、银、瓷器陈列室，里面藏品颇丰。此外，白宫的东侧有“肯尼迪夫人花园”，西侧有“玫瑰园”。
　　从正门进入的国家楼层（State Floor）共有五个主要房间，由西至东依序是：国宴室、红室、蓝室、绿室和东室，东室是白宫最大的一个房间可容纳三百位宾客，主要用作大型招待会、舞会和各种纪念性仪式的庆典。由于白宫是坐南朝北，因此南草坪就成了白宫的后院，通称为总统花园。每年春天的复活节时，总统和夫人都要在这里举行传统的游园会。

　　国家宴会厅(State Dining Room) 是一座白色墙壁的两层楼房，始建于1792年，于1800年美国第二任总统亚当斯起, 历任总统均以此作官邸。
　　东房(East Room) 白宫内最大的厅，主要用于政府举办的仪式，舞会等。
　　绿房(Green Room) 过去是第三任总统杰克逊就餐之所，因墙壁为绿色丝绸装饰而得名。
　　蓝房(Blue Room) 肯尼迪夫人把原本白色墙壁改为蓝色，故此得名。这里经常是总统夫妇款待贵宾的地方。
　　红房(Red Room) 主要是总统夫人用于招待贵宾，举行小型晚会的场地，房子以红色为基调。
　　State Dining Room 这里是招待贵宾，举行正式宴会的场所，最多可容纳140人，挂有林肯总统的肖像。


WHITE HOUSE HISTORY

For more than 200 years, the White House has been more than just the home of the Presidents and their families. Throughout the world, it is recognized as the symbol of the President, of the President's administration, and of the United States.
About the Building

For two hundred years, the White House has stood as a symbol of the Presidency, the United States government, and the American people. Its history, and the history of the nation's capital, began when President George Washington signed an Act of Congress in December of 1790 declaring that the federal government would reside in a district "not exceeding ten miles square…on the river Potomac." President Washington, together with city planner Pierre L’Enfant, chose the site for the new residence, which is now 1600 Pennsylvania Avenue. As preparations began for the new federal city, a competition was held to find a builder of the "President’s House." Nine proposals were submitted, and Irish-born architect James Hoban won a gold medal for his practical and handsome design.

Construction began when the first cornerstone was laid in October of 1792. Although President Washington oversaw the construction of the house, he never lived in it. It was not until 1800, when the White House was nearly completed, that its first residents, President John Adams and his wife, Abigail, moved in. Since that time, each President has made his own changes and additions. The White House is, after all, the President’s private home. It is also the only private residence of a head of state that is open to the public, free of charge.

The White House has a unique and fascinating history. It survived a fire at the hands of the British in 1814 (during the war of 1812) and another fire in the West Wing in 1929, while Herbert Hoover was President. Throughout much of Harry S. Truman’s presidency, the interior of the house, with the exception of the third floor, was completely gutted and renovated while the Trumans lived at Blair House, right across Pennsylvania Avenue. Nonetheless, the exterior stone walls are those first put in place when the White House was constructed two centuries ago.

Presidents can express their individual style in how they decorate some parts of the house and in how they receive the public during their stay. Thomas Jefferson held the first Inaugural open house in 1805. Many of those who attended the swearing-in ceremony at the U.S. Capitol simply followed him home, where he greeted them in the Blue Room. President Jefferson also opened the house for public tours, and it has remained open, except during wartime, ever since. In addition, he welcomed visitors to annual receptions on New Year’s Day and on the Fourth of July. In 1829, a horde of 20,000 Inaugural callers forced President Andrew Jackson to flee to the safety of a hotel while, on the lawn, aides filled washtubs with orange juice and whiskey to lure the mob out of the mud-tracked White House.

After Abraham Lincoln’s presidency, Inaugural crowds became far too large for the White House to accommodate them comfortably. However, not until Grover Cleveland’s first presidency did this unsafe practice change. He held a presidential review of the troops from a flag-draped grandstand built in front of the White House. This procession evolved into the official Inaugural parade we know today. Receptions on New Year’s Day and the Fourth of July continued to be held until the early 1930s.

    * There are 132 rooms, 35 bathrooms, and 6 levels in the Residence. There are also 412 doors, 147 windows, 28 fireplaces, 8 staircases, and 3 elevators.
    * At various times in history, the White House has been known as the "President's Palace," the "President's House," and the "Executive Mansion." President Theodore Roosevelt officially gave the White House its current name in 1901.
    * Presidential Firsts while in office... President James Polk (1845-49) was the first President to have his photograph taken... President Theodore Roosevelt (1901-09) was not only the first President to ride in an automobile, but also the first President to travel outside the country when he visited Panama... President Franklin Roosevelt (1933-45) was the first President to ride in an airplane.
    * With five full-time chefs, the White House kitchen is able to serve dinner to as many as 140 guests and hors d'oeuvres to more than 1,000.
    * The White House requires 570 gallons of paint to cover its outside surface.
    * For recreation, the White House has a variety of facilities available to its residents, including a tennis court, jogging track, swimming pool, movie theater, and bowling lane.