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正式了,美國現已退居第二
金大俠
今天下午開會結束後,同事T對我說•••
T:「恭喜你們中國成了世界第一!」
大俠:「臺灣,我從臺灣來的。」跟他說過無數次了。
T:「都一樣啦!」
大俠:「什麼東西世界第一?高鐵?人口數?中國製品?」
T:「你沒有看到今天Yahoo!/Finance上的頭條消息嗎?」
大俠:「誰像你這麼閑呀!」
T:「正式了,美國現已退居第二。」
大俠:「美國什麼退居第二?」
T:「經濟實力。」
大俠:「這不是遲早的事嗎?」
T:「沒想到這麼快呀!」
大俠:「美國獨領風騷久矣,休息一下唄。」
T:「都是你!」
大俠:「我怎麼了?」
T:「你常買中國製造品,幫助了中國經濟!」
大俠:「來,來,來,我看看你的內衣褲,是不是中國製造的?!」
T:「呵呵」
T是美國白人,太太是不會說中文的ABC,他的生日與我相同,故我倆常對他人戲稱,我倆是雙胞胎,當然,他比我老許多、又醜很多,說"我倆是雙胞胎",真是令他心花怒放!
我回到電腦前,立即找到、閱覽Yahoo!/Finance上的頭條消息「正式了,美國現已退居第二。」(It’s official: America is now No. 2) 是Brett Arends今天(2014年12月4日)剛寫的文 章,我就譯篇如后。
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美國,妳準備好了嚒!(Hang on to your hats)
扔掉那又大、又肥、象徵第一名的保麗龍手指吧!
真是難以啟口,那,那我也不拐彎抹角了:我們不再是第一了。今天,我們已退居第二,是的,是官方正式的消息。中國剛剛超越美國,成為世界最大的經濟體。這是自美國第18任總統格蘭特(Ulysses S. Grant,1869年3月至1877年3月)之後的第一次,美國不再 是這個星球上獨領領風騷、獨樹一幟、獨佔鼇頭、獨一無二的經濟強國。
就這樣發生了‧‧‧而,幾乎沒有人注意到。
據國際貨幣基金組織[註一](IMF,International Monetary Fund)日前公佈的世界經濟 最新數據,若以"真正的"產品和服務來衡量國家經濟總產值,中國今年的產值是17.6兆美元,美國則是17.4兆美元。
就在2000年時,我們(美國)的經濟總產值超過中國近三倍之多。視角微調,若以實際購買力(purchasing-power)來衡量,中國目前佔全球經濟的16.5%,美國則佔16.3%。
這是繼去年中國在全球貿易(global trade)上首次超越美國後,最新的經濟大地震。
兩年多前,我第一次報導了這一若隱若現、迫在眉睫的發展,但這一時刻的出現遠快過我或其他任何人的預測。中國最近決定把國內生產總值(GDP,Gross Domestic Product) 的計算方式,與國際的計算標準接軌,發現了以往未曾計算到的活動。
這些計算是基於行之有效、廣泛使用的經濟指標,購買力平價(PPP,Purchasing-Power Parity)[註二],它測量實際的輸出、而非匯率上的波動。也就是說,北京一杯大杯的星巴克法布其諾(Frappucino)咖啡與華府一杯大杯的星巴克法布其諾(Frappucino)咖啡,視為相同,而不論兩國之間的外匯交易。
PPP是比較兩國經濟的真正指標。IMF目前就用它,麥肯錫顧問公司在90年代代表英國政府研究經濟生產力時也是用PPP。
是的,若純粹只看國際匯率,美國經濟仍然大過中國近70%。但這些雖被廣泛使用的計算方式,多數是毫無意義的,例如,如果美元在國際貨幣市場上貶值10%,美國經濟真的會縮水嗎?近期日元急跌,意味著日本經濟會在我們眼前消失嗎?
早在2012年,當我第一次報導了這些數據,IMF試圖挑戰PPP的重要性。這我並不感到驚訝,因為西方世界開始過分專注於中國的經濟實力,並不符合IMF內任何人的利益。但PPP數據來自IMF,而不是我。而值得注意的是,當IMF官方的世界經濟展望(World Economic Outlook)比較各國佔世界的產量,它就是使用PPP呀。
是的,所有的統計資料都可能不實或做假。中國的最新數據完全有可能誇大了產出,也有可能低估了,這也可能發生在美國的GDP數據。但,所有資料都來自IMF。
別搞錯了:這可是地緣政治上的強震。縱觀歷史,政治實力和軍事力量一直是倚著經濟實力為後盾。英國先是世界工廠,然後才能主控世界。英國經濟上相對的衰退,導致她實力的瓦解。以往的霸權國家,如法國和西班牙,也是類似的故事。
至少自1945年以來,我們都生活在由美國主導的世界,更遠自19世紀末期,美國也在許多方面有其影響力。自1815年的滑鐵盧戰役,我們在英美主導的世界生活了200年,這是個合理的民主制度、憲政體制下的國家,這兩個國家制度上的優點及缺點已經在世界各地的公民自由、民主進程和憲法權利,引領風騷。
明天或下週,世界不會有任何改變;但長遠來看,中國經濟上的領先幾乎會改變所有。
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大俠小評偶思:
一、國家經濟力,橫看成嶺側成峯、遠近高底各不同,十個經濟學家常有十一種不同看法與詮釋,但中國的經濟發展、實力與磁吸,是各國不得不正面誠實以對的。
二、海洋兩岸,依序領風騷,何必相圍?共享地球村,永續經營。
三、海峽兩岸,本是同根生,何苦相煎?應是一家親,笑泯恩仇。
四、真的,臺灣要小確幸、小怯悻,大內耗、大內鬥,只見臺灣、不見世界,都是臺灣的選擇。
五、兩岸猿山啼不住,輕舟已過萬重山,世界向前邁進,臺灣要原地打轉,老天也莫可奈何!
六、本文又有了大俠偶思:「海峽兩岸,本是同根生,何苦相煎?應是一家親,笑泯恩仇。」其實這也不算是偶思,應算是大俠大氣大肚大量的終生信念,當然,這肯定不是格友小肉球的菜,小肉球可別又肉眼模糊下一不小心又推了文,隨後,哎呀,推錯文了!還一直盤算如何扳回一城,終於靈光一閃,撰了新文從金大俠的新作「返台偶思」而展開的「共產共妻,廁所無門」漫遊2014/11/25 05:52,以為呼應。大俠大氣大肚大量的終生信念,小肉球竟然可以漫遊到「共產共妻,廁所無門」,實在太扯了!太搞笑了!太小肉球了!建議小肉球,若再漫遊到「人民公社、土法煉鋼、三反五反、抗美援朝,」肯定更具笑果,哈哈!小肉球,別推此文哦!
《2014年12月4日於華府》
[註一]國際貨幣基金組織(IMF)是成立於1945年12月27日的世界金融機構,它的職責是監察貨幣匯率和國際貿易情況、提供技術和資金協助、並確保全球金融制度運作正常,其總部設在美國華府。
[註二]購買力平價(PPP):又稱相對購買力指標,是一種根據各國不同的價格水準計算出來的貨幣之間的等值係數,便於在經濟上對各國的GDP進行合理有效的比較。
原文如后‧‧‧
It’s official: America is now No. 2
By Brett Arends
12/4/2014
http://finance.yahoo.com/news/official-america-now-no-2-150936444.html
Hang on to your hats, America.
And throw away that big, fat styrofoam finger while you’re about it.
There’s no easy way to say this, so I’ll just say it: We’re no longer No. 1. Today, we’re No. 2. Yes, it’s official. The Chinese economy just overtook the United States economy to become the largest in the world. For the first time since Ulysses S. Grant was president, America is not the leading economic power on the planet.
It just happened — and almost nobody noticed.
The International Monetary Fund recently released the latest numbers for the world economy. And when you measure national economic output in “real” terms of goods and services, China will this year produce $17.6 trillion — compared with $17.4 trillion for the U.S.A.
As recently as 2000, we produced nearly three times as much as the Chinese.
To put the numbers slightly differently, China now accounts for 16.5% of the global economy when measured in real purchasing-power terms, compared with 16.3% for the U.S.
This latest economic earthquake follows the development last year when China surpassed the U.S. for the first time in terms of global trade.
I first reported on this looming development over two years ago, but the moment came sooner than I or anyone else had predicted. China’s recent decision to bring gross domestic product calculations in line with international standards has revealed activity that had previously gone uncounted.
These calculations are based on a well-established and widely used economic measure known as purchasing-power parity (or PPP), which measures the actual output as opposed to fluctuations in exchange rates. So a Starbucks venti Frappucino served in Beijing counts the same as a venti Frappucino served in Minneapolis, regardless of what happens to be going on among foreign-exchange traders.
PPP is the real way of comparing economies. It is one reported by the IMF and was, for example, the one used by McKinsey & Co. consultants back in the 1990s when they undertook a study of economic productivity on behalf of the British government.
Yes, when you look at mere international exchange rates, the U.S. economy remains bigger than that of China, allegedly by almost 70%. But such measures, although they are widely followed, are largely meaningless. Does the U.S. economy really shrink if the dollar falls 10% on international currency markets? Does the recent plunge in the yen mean the Japanese economy is vanishing before our eyes?
Back in 2012, when I first reported on these figures, the IMF tried to challenge the importance of PPP. I was not surprised. It is not in anyone’s interest at the IMF that people in the Western world start focusing too much on the sheer extent of China’s power. But the PPP data come from the IMF, not from me. And it is noteworthy that when the IMF’s official World Economic Outlook compares countries by their share of world output, it does so using PPP.
Yes, all statistics are open to various quibbles. It is perfectly possible China’s latest numbers overstate output — or understate them. That may also be true of U.S. GDP figures. But the IMF data are the best we have.
Make no mistake: This is a geopolitical earthquake with a high reading on the Richter scale. Throughout history, political and military power have always depended on economic power. Britain was the workshop of the world before she ruled the waves. And it was Britain’s relative economic decline that preceded the collapse of her power.
And it was a similar story with previous hegemonic powers such as France and Spain.
This will not change anything tomorrow or next week, but it will change almost everything in the longer term. We have lived in a world dominated by the U.S. since at least 1945 and, in many ways, since the late 19th century. And we have lived for 200 years — since the Battle of Waterloo in 1815 — in a world dominated by two reasonably democratic, constitutional countries in Great Britain and the U.S.A. For all their flaws, the two countries have been in the vanguard worldwide in terms of civil liberties, democratic processes and constitutional rights.
[ Brett Arends is a MarketWatch columnist. Follow him on Twitter @BrettArends ]
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